मतदान, पवित्र कर्तव्य
पण मतदान कुणाला आणि का?
वसंत
गणेश काणे
हल्ली मुक्काम पुणे
९४२२८०४४३०
नगरसेवक –गटारे,ड्रेनेज,स्थानिक स्वच्छता , शुद्ध पाणी पुरवठा
सार्वजिनक आरोग्य यासारख्या पायाभूत
सुखसुविधा चांगल्या मिळाव्यात म्हणून
आमदार – राज्य पातळीवरचे उद्योग, शिक्षण,कृषी, रोजगार, कर निश्चीति,य
बाबतीतले धोरण ठरविणे, स्थानिक विकास कामे
खासदार – राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा,आंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार, मागास वर्गाचा
विकास, भ्रष्टाचार, महागाईला आळा, उद्योग, शिक्षण, कृषी, याबाबतीतले राजकीय धोरण
ठरवण्यासाठी, स्थानिक विकास कार्याला केंद्राकडून मिळणारा निधी उपलब्ध करून देणे
स्थानिक, राज्य पातळीवरचे आणि राष्ट्र पातळीवरचे प्रश्न यात गल्लत
नको. (निवडणूक आयोगानेही मार्गदर्शन करावे.)
Part XI of the Indian constitution defines the power
distribution between the federal government (the Centre) and the States in
India. This part is divided between legislative, administrative and executive
powers. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union list, States
list and Concurrent list. Unlike the federal governments of the United States,
Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Centre, as with the
Canadian federal government.
Federalism in India has a strong bias towards the Union
Government. Some unique features of federalism in India are:[1]
There is no equality of state representation. Representation
in the Parliament can vary widely from one state to another depending on a
number of factors including demography and total land area.
No double citizenship, i.e. no separate citizenship for country
and state.
The consent of a state is not required by the Parliament to
alter its boundaries.
No state, except Jammu and Kashmir, can draw its own
Constitution.
No state has the right to secede.
No division of public services.[citation ne
Legislative powers[edit]
The power of the states and the Centre are defined by the
constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists. i.e.[2]
Union List[edit]
Main article: Union List
Union list consists of 100 items (previously 97 items) on which the parliament has exclusive power to
legislate with including: defence, armed forces, arms and ammunition, atomic
energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship, extradition, railways,
shipping and navigation, airways, posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless
and broadcasting, currency, foreign trade, inter-state trade and commerce,
banking, insurance, control of industries, regulation and development of mines,
mineral and oil resources, elections, audit of Government accounts,
constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court, High Courts and union
public service commission, income tax, custom duties and export duties, duties
of excise, corporation tax, taxes on capital value of assets, estate duty,
terminal taxes.[3]
State List[edit]
Main article: State List
State list consists of 61 items (previously 66 items). Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items
in this list: maintaining law and order, police forces, healthcare, transport,
land policies, electricity in state, village administration, etc.The state
legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects. But in certain
circumstances,the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the
State list.Then the parliament has to pass a resolution with 2/3rd majority that it is expedient to legislate on this
state list in the national interest.
Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards
to items on the State list, articles 249, 250, 252, and 253 state
situations in which the federal government can legislate on these items.[3]
Concurrent List[edit]
Main article: Concurrent List
Concurrent list consists of 52 items (previously 47 items). Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items
in this list: Marriage and divorce, transfer of property other than
agricultural land, education, contracts, bankruptcy and insolvency, trustees
and trusts, civil procedure, contempt of court, adulteration of foodstuffs,
drugs and poisons, economic and social planning, trade unions, labour welfare,
electricity, newspapers, books and printing press, stamp duties.[3]
Administrative powers[edit]
The Union and states have independent executive staffs fully
controlled by their respective governments and executive power of the states
and the Centre are extended on issues they are empowered to legislate.[3]
Union control over states[edit]
See also: Article 356
According to the Article 356 of the Constitution of India, states must exercise
their executive power in compliance with the laws made by the Central
government. Article 357 calls upon every state not to impede
on the executive power of the Union within the states. Articles 352 to 360 contain
provisions which empower the Centre to take over the executive of the states on
issues of national security or on the breakdown of constitutional machinery.
Governors are appointed by the Central government to oversee states. The
president can dissolve the state assembly under the recommendation of the
council of ministers by invoking Article 356 if and when states fail to comply with directives given by
the Centre.[3]
The Constitution provides that, except in a few cases, union
law trumps state law. If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a
State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which
Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with
respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law
made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the
Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall
prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent
of the repugnancy, be void. There is an exception to this in cases "where
a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters
enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the
provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect
to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall,
if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received
his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall
prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same
matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so
made by the Legislature of the State."[4]
Suggested municipal functions[edit]
The suggested functions to municipal corporations,
municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the table below.[3]
Essentially Municipal Functions Municipal Corporation Municipal
Council nagar panchayat
Urban planning including town planning Yes Yes Yes
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings Yes Yes Yes
Planning for economic and social development Yes Yes Yes
Roads and bridges Yes Yes Yes
Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposes Yes Yes Yes
Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste
management Yes Yes Yes
Fire services Yes Yes No
Urban forestry Yes Yes Yes
Preventive Health Care Yes Yes Yes
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,
gardens, playgrounds Yes Yes Yes
Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation
ghats/grounds and electric crematoria Yes Yes Yes
Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals Yes Yes Yes
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths Yes Yes Yes
Street lighting Yes Yes Yes
Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences Yes Yes Yes
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries Yes Yes Yes
Slum improvement and up gradation Yes Yes Yes
Agency Functions
Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects Yes Yes Yes
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society,
including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Yes Yes Yes
Urban poverty alleviation Yes Yes Yes
Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects Yes Yes Yes
Primary Education Yes Yes yes
Primary Health Care Yes Yes
yes
Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation)[edit]
Main article: Municipal Corporation of India
Mahanagar Nigam a.k.a. (Municipal Corporation) in India are
state government formed departments that works for the development of a
Metropolitan city, which has a population of more than 1 Million. The growing population and urbanisation in various
cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for
providing necessary community services like health centres, educational
institutes and housing and property tax.
They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of panchayati raj system which mainly deals in
providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a
district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose
the candidates. The largest corporations are in the four metropolitan cities of
India, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. These cities not only have a
large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres
of the country.
Nagar Palika (Municipality)[edit]
Main article: Nagar Palika (Municipality)
In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality or Nagar Nigam is an
urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. However, there are exceptions to that, as
previously nagar palikas were constituted in urban centers with population over
20,000 so all the urban bodies which were previously
classified as Nagar palika were reclassified as Nagar palika even if their
population was under 100,000.
Under the Panchayati Raj
system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is
administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller
district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar palika. Nagar palikas are also a
form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities,
as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment)Act,1992.
The members of the Nagar palika are elected representatives
for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its
population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect a
president among themselves to preside over and conduct meetings. A chief
officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health
officer and education officer who come from the state public service are
appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the
Nagar Palika.
Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)[edit]
Main article: Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)
A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council or City Council is
a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. An
urban centre with more than 11,000 and
less than 25,000 inhabitants is classified as a
"Nagar Panchayat".
Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman
with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members
and three nominated members. The N.A.C. members of the Nagar Panchayat are
elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult
franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward
Members chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.
See also[edit]
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